They are then mixed with dry sand and sown in well drained, sunny seed bed having carefully plawed, soft sandy soil which has been freed from stones and clouds. Fertilizer consisting of manure and superphosphate is worked into the bed before sowing, excessive use of fertilizer causes too rapid growth and is avoided. One pint of seed is used to 150 square yards of bed; this will yield seedlings enough for an area ten times as great. After sowing the seeds are covered with earth or ashes, the beds are shaded with screens with and in periods of drought they are carefully watered. The seedlings appears in about twelve days, when they are two to three inches high, fertilizer is added. After 4-5 months the seedlings reach a height of about four inches and are ready for transplanting. This must be done early enough to permit the roots to establish themselves firmly before cold weather, otherwise they will winter kill. The field is carefully plowed weeded, manuured and leveled. The seedlings are planted in rows at intervals of 7 to 12 inches between row. The rows are raised or ridged to prevent water collecting around the roots. If the plants are set too deeply, few flowers are produced. The harvesting periods extends for 14 to 18 days in given locality and the flower are picked up when they are about 70% open. The picking done by hands. Drying generally requires about 5 to 7 days and is accomplised by spreading the flower heads and root straw mats, in day and placing them indoors at night. After the flower and root are thoroughly dried so that they can easily be crumbled between the finger they are packed in straw bag and store. Average yield of the drug per hectare is 300 to 400 kg^3,4.

1.4 DESCRIPTION:-

a) Macroscopic:-

It is a perennial, procumbent herb, resembling chamomile. Stems lie on the ground for part of their length, before rising erect. Each bears one large terminal flower, the disk being yellow and the rays white, tinged with purple beneath. The leaves are smooth, alternate, and pinnate, pale green, with deeply cut segments. Fruit obovate achene. The root is almost cylindrical, very slightly twisted and tapering and often crowned with a tuft of grey hairs .Externally it is brown and wrinkled, with bright black spots. The fracture is short, bark with 1-2 circles of resin ducts, closely adhering to yellowish radiate porous wood in which occur 1-3 rows of resin ducts; odour distinct; taste sweetish, pungent, very acrid, tingling, sialagogue effect.

b) Microscopic character:-

Root - Mature root shows cork consisting of tabular cells, many of which developed as sclerenchyma; a few inner cork cells contain rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; secondary cortex consisting of iso-diametric or tangentially, elongated, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells; a few sclerenchymatous cells also found scattered in secondary cortex; secondary phloem consisting of usual elements, cambium 2-5 layered, secondary xylem very wide consisting of xylem vessels, tracheids and xylem parenchyma; vessels pitted, more or less in groups distributed throughout xylem, more and wider vessels found towards peripery, xylem fibres thick-walled, 1.37-28.8 μ in width, 53.2 - 231 μ in length having narrow lumen, medullary rays numerous, running straight, bi to tri and multiseriate, uniseriate rays very rare, starting from primary xylem and reaching upto secondary cortex; ray cells thick-walled, radially elongated, inulin present in cells of secondary cortex, secondary phloem and medullary rays; oleo-resinous schizogenous glands found scattered in secondary cortex, secondary phloem and medullary rays; calcium oxalate crystals in rosette form present in secondary cortex, secondary phloem, secondary xylem and medullary ray cells.^5,6

1.5 Medicinal uses:-

Pyrethrum plant is used for various medicinal the main use is enlisted as:

• Pyrethrum kills insects by disrupting their nervous systems. Pyrethrins are toxic to the “sodium channel” the cellular structure that allows sodium ions to enter a cell as part of the process of transmitting a nerve impulse.

• Pyrethrum root used almost exclusively as a sialagogue in headache, neuralgic and rheumatic affections of the face, toothache, etc., or as a local stimulant in epalsy of the tongue or throat, or relaxation of the uvula.

• The powdered root forms a good snuff to cure chronic catarrh of the head and nostrils and to clear the brain, by exciting a free flow of nasal mucous and tears.

• Pyrethrum contains anacycline, isobutylamide, inulin and a trace of essential oil. Use of the drug in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus reduces the dose of insulin. It decreased the plasma glucose and serum cholesterol levels after oral administration for 3–6 weeks.

• The powdered herb or root snuffed up the nostrils produces sneezing and eases headache.

• Patients seeking relief from some rheumatic or neuralgic infections of the head and face, or for palsy of the tongue, have been advised to chew the root daily for several months.

1.6 Different part of Anacyclus Pyrehrum

Flower:-The Annacyclus pyrethrum flower’s principle are located in the oleoresin secretion of floral parts of partially open or closed flowers. Although pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II are the main active constituents, it also contains other active compounds called cinerin I, cinerin II, jasmoline I and Jasmoline II. All these constituents are chemically esters.³

Root:- Root contains alkyl amides, which active constituent’s pyrethrin. Alkyl amide fraction of roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum is made up of the following isobutylamides and tyramine amides. The root contain Anacyclin, Pellitorine enetriyne alcohol (pyrethrins), hydrocarolin, inulin (50%), traces of volatile oil and (+)-sesamin. They also contain N-(2-P-hydroxy phenylethyl) deca, dodeca, and tetradeca- trans-2,a new series of tyra mine amides corresponding to the isobutylamides.

Arial part:- Anacyclus pyrethrum arial parts contain active constituent is Anacyclin, N-methylanacyclin, Nmethyl- N-(2-methyl propyl) 2, 8-decadiene 4, 6-diynamide along with very low quantity of pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II.⁷

1.7 Phytochemical constituents of Anacyclus pyrethrum:-

The pyrethrins are a naturally-occurring group of six chemically-related esters, each of which is insecticidally active. Three (pyrethrins I) are esters of chrysanthemic acid, and three (pyrethrins II) of pyrethric acid. The alcohol moieties are pyrethrelone in pyrethrin 1 and 2, cinerolone in cinerin 1 and 2, and jasmolone in jasmolin 1 and 2. Table 1 gives the structures of the acid and alcohol moieties ^3,8,9.

The six pyrethrin esters are designated collectively by the ISO common name “pyrethrins”. Pyrethrin 1 predominates. Information on the individual esters is provided below, where the IUPAC chemical names are according to Rothamsted nomenclature.

1.7.1 .Pyrethrin I

Chemical name:

IUPAC: (Z)-(S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(penta-2,4-dienyl)cyclopent-2-enyl (1R)-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS: [1R-[1α[S*(Z)],3β]]-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2,4-pentadienyl)cyclopenten-1-yl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS No.: 121-21-1

Molecular formula: C21H28O3 Molecular weight: 328.4

Structural formula:

Pyrethrin I

1.7.1. Cinerin I

Chemical names:

IUPAC: (Z)-(S)-3-(but-2-enyl)-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-enyl (1R)-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS: [1R-[1α[S*(Z)],3β]]-3-(2-butenyl)-2-methyl-4-oxo-2-cyclopenten-1-yl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate

Molecular formula: C20H28O3 Molecular weight: 316.4

CAS No.: 25402-06

Structural formula:

Cinerin I

1.7.3. Jasmolin I

Chemical names:

IUPAC: (Z)-(S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(pent-2-enyl)cyclopent-2-enyl (1R)-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS: [1R-[1α[S*(Z)],3β]]-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2-pentenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS No.: 4466-14-2

Molecular formula: C21H30O3 Molecular weight: 330.4

Structural formula:

Jasmolin 1

1.7.4. Pyrethrin II

Chemical names:

(Z)-(S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(penta-2,4-dienyl)cyclopent-2-enyl (E)-(1R)-trans-3-(2-methoxycarbonylprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS: [1R-[1α[S*(Z)],3β(E)]]-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2,4-pentadienyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl 3-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS No.: 121-29-9

Molecular formula: C22H2805 Molecular weight: 372.4

Structural formula:

Pyrethrin II

1.7.5. Cinerin II

Chemical names:

IUPAC: (Z)-(S)-3-(but-2-enyl)-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-enyl (E)-(1R)-trans -3-(2

methoxycarbonylprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS: [1R-[1α[S*(Z)],3β(E)]]-3-(2-butenyl)-2-methyl-4-oxo-2-cyclopenten-1-yl 3-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS No.: 1172-63-0

Molecular formula: C21H28O5 Molecular weight: 360.4

Structural formula:

Cinerin II

1.7.6 Jasmolin II

Chemical names:

IUPAC: (Z)-(S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(pent-2-enyl)cyclopent-2-enyl (E)-(1R)-trans-3-(2

methoxycarbonylprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS: [1R-[1α[S*(Z)],3β(E)]]-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2-pentenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl 3-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

CAS No.: 121-20-0

Molecular formula: C22H30O5 Molecular weight: 374.4

Structural formula:

Jasmoline II

2. Different Activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum

2.1 Insecticidal activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum

Insecticidal ability of Anacyclus pyrethrum is well known from many years. These are able to kill wide range of insects that include whiteflies, thrips, aphids, cabbage worms, beetles, ants (excluding fire ant), candelles, centipeds, crickets, fungus gnat,, hornworms, Indian meal months, leafhoppers, mealy bugs, mediterranean flour moths, rose aphid, rose chafers, rose slugs, spiders, trogaderma etc. Pyrethrum kill insect by disrupting their nervous systems. Pyrethrins are toxic to the “sodium channel,” the cellular structure that allows sodium ions to enter a cell as part of the process of transmitting a nerve impulse. This leads to repetitive discharges by the nerve cell which causes paralysis and death.The addition of additive or synergist, like piperonyl butoxide, which is essentially non-insecticidal, it increases the potency of pyrethrum by more than fourfold when added at two to ten parts of synergist per part of pyrethrins. The pyrethrins-synergist combination is much more economical than the insecticide alone, since the synergist costs less than 5% per unit weight of the pyrethrins. The synergist also increases the likelihood that insects knocked down will subsequently die rather than recover. Pyrethrum is generally considered to be the safest insecticide as "nontoxic to humans and pets."¹⁰

2.2 Aphrodisiac and Reproductive Activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum

Powder of dried root of Anacyclus pyrethrum defatted with petroleum ether and then extracted with water, suspended in 1% sodium CMC, was orally administered to Wister strain albino rates of either sex weighing 120-150 gms. The animals were treated with extract with dose of 50-100 mg/kg for 28 days.

The extract influence the behaviour of the treated male animals, which showed more attraction towards female rates was notice. Penile erection index an indicator of enhanced vascular function in penile tissue was also increased by 3 fold in 100mg/kg treated group and 2.5 fold in 50 mg/kg treated group. In-vivo sperm count was also determine after 28 days and it was found to significant increase in epididymal sperms. After 28 days of treatment the animals were sacrificed and testis, seminal vesicle, epididymis and prostate gland removed and weighed. It was observed that there is increase in the weight of testis, seminal vesicle, epididymis, and prostate gland.¹¹

2.3 Immunostimulating activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum

Hot water polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link. (family Compositae) were tested for their immunostimulating activity in mice. The fractions from Anacyclus pyrethrum showed a marked stimulating effect on the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) and increased the number of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), and spleen cells of mice. In this case, the optimum doses were 50 and 25 mg/kg for the two fractions, respectively. On the other hand, the polysaccharide extracts of both Anacyclus pyrethrum markedly enhanced the proliferation of the murine spleen cells in vitro using two tests (in vitro and in vivo effect). The results of the in vivo effect at a doses of 50 and 25 mg/kg, showed a stimulation index better than obtained with the in vitro effect at 50 and 25 mg/ml of Anacyclus pyrethrum.¹²

2.4 Anticonvulsant and Myorelaxation activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum

Anticonvulsant and myorelaxation activity of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum was tested using albino mice against maximum electroshock seizure test for anticonvulsant and rotarod test for myorelaxation activity. Ethanolic extract was prepared by using air dry root of anacyclus pyrethrum. Root was powdered and successively extracted with ethanol in soxhlet apparatus. The extract was concentrated under reduced pressure using rotatory evaporator at temperature not exceeding 40ᵒc and then dried in vacuum oven and reconstituted in water for injection just before use. Electro-convulsive shock, inducing Hind Limb Tonic Extension (HLTE) in 99% of the animals, was previously determined. Corneal electrodes were used for bilateral delivery of electrical stimulus. Electro-convulsive shock (50 mA for 0.2 Sec.) was delivered through corneal electrode to induce HLTE phase in mice. The electrical stimulus was applied using a stimulator apparatus. Albino mice were treated with ethanolic extract as 200, 400 and 600mg/kg body weight, i.p. respectively. The current was delivered after 30 minutes of intra-peritonial administration. It was found that the ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum exhibited almost dose dependent anticonvulsant activity. The extract significantly decreased the duration of HLTE phase in MES-induced seizures. The effect on motor co-ordination was assessed by using Rotarod apparatus. The test was conducted on mice after 30 minutes of the administration of ethanolic extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg).Mice were placed on the horizontal rotating bar having diameter 2.5 cm with revolution of 12 rpm.). A significant dose dependent muscle relaxant effect of Anacyclus pyrethrum was observed in rotarod apparatus.¹³

2.5 Antidepressant activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum

Antidepressant activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum (AP) root extract was screened by different method such as Locomotor activity, Haloperidol-induced catalepsy, Forced swim test (FST), Tail suspension test (TST), Clonidine-induced hypothermia and Reserpine-induced hypothermia on Swiss male albino mice. Standard root extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum (AP root extract) showed an increase in ambulatory behaviour indicating a stimulant effect of the photoactometer and produces a significant antidepressant effect in both FST and TST as they reduced the immobility. AP root extract was found to be effective in reversing hypothermia produced by clonidine and reserpine. AP root extract might produce antidepressant effect by interaction with adrenergic and dopamine receptor thereby increasing the level of noradrenaline and dopamine in brains of mice. AP root extract inhibited haloperidol-induced catalepsy, and haloperidol induces catalepsy due to blockade of dopamine neurotransmission. In forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), a normal animal submitted to a non-soluble aversive situation alternate between agitation and immobility. Animals after antidepressant treatment struggle more even in desperate situation, and they spend less time with immobility. AP root extract produces significant antidepressant like effect in both FST and TST, as they reduced the immobility period. Clonidine is alpha₂adrenoreceptor agonist. It has specificity towards the presynaptic alpha₂ receptors in the vasomotor center in the CNS. This binding inhibits the production of norepinephrine, thus decreasing sympathetic outflow, this result in fall in body temperature. While Reserpine produces hypothermia due to peripheral neuronal depletion of catecholamine, AP root extract was found to be effective in reversing hypothermia produced by clonidine and reserpine. Thus it is suggested that AP root extract might produce antidepressant effect either by interaction with adrenergic or dopamine receptor thereby increasing the level of noradrenaline and dopamine in brains of mice or by decreasing biomarkers of inflammation.¹⁴

2.6 Activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum against sheep gastrointestinal Nematodes

The efficacies of pyrethrum marc tested against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection compare to abendazole. Sheep were infected orally with 10000 larva of nematodes and randomly divided into a control and an experimental group. Dry cultures were prepared from faeces collected from sheep and incubated for 9 days at 278C and different species of nematodes were identified. They were quantified by counting the number of live larvae per 0.05 ml and 10000 larvae were administered orally by syringe to each sheep. The 22 sheep were randomly divided into 2 groups of 11 animals, an untreated control group and a treatment group. At day 0 each sheep in the treatment group was given a single oral dose of 0.2 ml/kg body weight of 2.5% albendazole. Faecal eggs per gram (epg) and general health of all the animals were monitored on days 0 (day of treatment), 4, 6, 8 and 10. Then the treated animals were re-infected 3 weeks later and randomly divided into 2 groups of 11 sheep each. One group was fed pyrethrum marc at the rate of 36 mg pyrethrins/kg body weight at days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 while the other group was the untreated control. Faecal epg and overall health of all the animals were monitored on days 4, 6, 8, and 10. The results of both experiments indicate that animals treated with albendazole and those fed on pyrethrum marc had significantly lower FECs than the control groups. By day 4 the eggs per gram counts for every animal treated with albendazole had dropped significantly to below detectable levels compared to the control group. The group feeding on pyrethrum marc and the control had no significant reduction in eggs per gram in the pyrethrum marc group in days 8 and 10.¹⁵

2.7. Inhibition of tobacco-induced mutagenesis by Anacyclus pyrethrum

Inhibitory effects of eugenol, a compound present in many spices such as cloves, cardamom etc. and the extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum and Spilanthes calva which are traditionally used in India during the preparation of chewable tobacco, on tobacco induced mutagenesis were evaluated using Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Eugenol significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) tobacco-induced mutagenicity at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/plate. Anacyclus pyrethrum extract (1 mg/plate) produced 74.33% inhibition while the extract of Spilanthes calva at 2 mg/plate inhibited tobacco-induced mutagenesis by 86.4%. Eugenol and the plant extracts also inhibited the nitrosation of methylurea in a dose-dependent manner.¹⁶

2.8 Inhibitive action of Anacyclus pyrethrum for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4

The aqueous extract of the leaves and stems of Anacyclus pyrethrum L (LS-AP) as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M sulphuric acid medium was carried out using the electrochemical methods. LS-AP extract is a good corrosion inhibitor for mild steel under acidic conditions. The maximum inhibition efficiency was 87%. Good agreement between the inhibition efficiencies calculated using different techniques was obtained. The adsorption of the organic inhibitor onto the mild steel surface was characterized by the decrease in (i) the cathodic and anodic current densities observed in the potentiodynamic polarization curves carried out in the presence of LS-AP extract, (ii) the polarization resistance in the solutions containing the inhibitor, (iii) the double-layer capacitance computed from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments. Components of the inhibitor acts by blocking the cathodic and anodic surface sites and by modifying activation energy of the both cathodic and anodic reaction. The chemisorption aspect of the adsorption process was well-established by the values of ΔG0ads calculated from the slope of the Langmuir isotherm at different temperatures, which best fitted the experimental data of the relationship between LS-AP extract concentration and surface coverage. The lower activation energy of the corrosion process in the presence of the corrosion inhibitor, when compared to that in its absence, also demonstrated the chemisorptive nature of the adsorption. The synergism parameter (S) evaluated for 0.2% KI was found to be greater than unity showing that the enhanced inhibition efficiency of LS-AP extract on the addition of iodide ions was due to synergistic effect. The values of the inhibition efficiency increased with the immersion time and leads to the formation of a protective film which grows with increasing exposure time.¹⁷

2.9. Pyrethrin in head lice eradication:

Pediculicidal and ovicidal efficasy of new single application of synergized natural pyrethrins (presented in a aerosol mousse form ) compared with an established effective formulation based on permethrin ( in a creame rinse form ). The trial was a single-blind, comparative, randomized, parallel group study performed on childrens between the 7 and 15 years and adults with active head lice infestation, identified by presence of live lice. Finding shows pyrethrin mousse are effective at killing both lice and their eggs with a single 10 minutes application. A sample of viable louse eggs was taken from the patients hair before and after treatment and incubated to assess ovicidal activity. A significantly lower hatch rate was found in egg sampled after pyrethrin mosse crème rinse. Synergised pyrethrin mousse is effective as a pedicullicide and ovicide in one application. The field study confirmed the high level of pediculicidal and ovicidal efficasy identified in vitro. Because the pyrethrin mousse is capable of eradicating an infestation with a single treatment without depending on residual insecticide activity.¹⁸

2.10. Neuropharmacological activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum

The CNS activity of ethanolic extract of roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum that includes general behavior studies, sedative, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, nootropic activity and antidepressant studies in rats revealed that potential neuropharmacological activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum as nootropic and also having antidepressant property.The ethanolic extract treated rats show remarkable dose dependent reduction in transfer latency, indicating significant improvement in memory, thus demonstrating nootropic activity. This facilitatory effect on learning and memory ware observed after treatment for a period of 7 days. This probably may be attributed to the involvement of neurotransmitters since the building of memory is augmented only when the levels of neurotransmitters are attenuated on repeated administration of the extracts. This is demonstrating that the central cholinergic system, serotonergic transmission and noradrenaline function play a vital role in the cognitive function of the brain. Moreover, the lack of effect on locomotor activity works to the advantage of the plant demonstrating nootropic activity. The forced swimming test demonstrated that ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum clearly acted as antidepressant in rats. The reduction of immobility was comparable to observed effects after administration of reference antidepressant drug imipramine, a putative catecholaminergic involvement in the antidepressant like effects of Anacyclus pyrethrum extracts could be suggested. The present findings indicate improvement of learning acquisition and observed antidepressant property of Anacyclus pyrethrum root extract, there by validating its claim as a nervine tonic in the Indian system of medicine. Considering the lack of need of drugs with proven effect in improving learning, specific memory improving and antidepressant effect of Anacyclus pyrethrum.¹⁹

2.11. Local Anaesthetic Activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum

The aqueous and alcoholic (2%) extracts of roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum (A. Pyrethrum) exhibited in animals local anaesthetic activity of a longer duration than xylocaine (0.2%). In guinea pig demis and rabbit cornea, the herbal root preparation induced anaesthesia in 5 min. and lasted-12 hours longer than xylocaine. This is the first study of local anaesthetic activity of this plant.²⁰

3. REFERENCES:

1. Lloyd Uri John; History of the vegetable drug’s U.S.P 1911.

2. Kenya’s Pyrethrum Industry published by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development of Kenya, 2005:1-10.

3. Kokate C.K, Porohit A.P, Gokhale S.B; Pharmacognosy ; Nirali Prakashan, 37 edition; Page No. 578.

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13. O.P. Gautam, Savita Verma, S. K. Jain; Anticonvulsant and Myorelaxation activity ;Pharmacologyonline 1: 121-125; 2011.

14. Badhe SR, Badhe RV, Ghaisas MM, Chopade VV, Deshpande AD.; Evaluations of antidepressant activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum root extract; Int J Green Pharm 2010;4:79-82

15. J.M Mbaria, T.E Maitho, E.S Milema and D.J Muchiri; Comparative efficacy of pyrethrum marc with Albendazole against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes; Tropical Animal Health and Production; 30 (1998) 17-22.

16. Sukumaran K, Kuttan R. Inhibition of tobacco-induced mutagenesis by Eugenol and plant extracts available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7753104.

17. Chaouki Selles, Omar Benali , Boufeldja Tabti, Lahcen Larabi , Yahia Harek ; Green corrosion inhibitor: inhibitive action of aqueous extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum L. for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 ; J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 3 (1) (2012) 206-219.

18. I.F Burgess, C.M Brown and N.A Burgess; Synergized pyrethrin mouses a new approach to head lice eradication; Pyrethrum post; Vol-19;no.2;Dec 1994;pp 41-46.

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Received on 09.03.2012

Modified on 14.03.2012

Accepted on 18.03.2012

Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 4(3): May-June 2012, 164-170